Carnation ringspot virus (CRSV) ELISA Kit

A citrus ringspot isolate from Star Ruby grapefruit (RS-SR) was mechanically transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa. RS-SR was partially purified by differential centrifugation, fractionation in a sucrose gradient, and agarose gel electrophoresis of selected fractions. Infectivity of concentrated extracts on C. quinoa was lost in individual fractions of the gradient, but it was recovered by combining a top and a bottom component. Both components contained a 48-kDa protein not found in similar preparations from healthy plants. After further purification the 48 kDa protein was detected at the top edge of the agarose gel. In the initial experiments a 38-kDa protein was found in the same fractions that later contained the 48-kDa protein. An antiserum obtained to the 38 kDa protein reacted in Western blots with both the 38- and the 48-kDa proteins, whereas another antiserum raised to the Florida isolate CRSV-4 (also containing a 48-kDa protein) did not react with the 38-kDa protein, indicating that the latter was probably a degradation product of the 48-kDa protein. Filamentous flexous particles were observed by serologically specific electron microscopy in crude extracts from RS-SR-infected C. quinoa plants. These results indicate that RS-SR is associated with a two-component virus similar to those associated with several psorosis and ringspot isolates, and serologically related to CRSV-4.

In this article we argue that prevalent explanatory frameworks of sexual violence against men primarily pursue one line of inquiry, explaining its occurrence as exclusively strategic and systematic, based on heteronormative and homophobic assumptions about violence, gender and sexualities. Feminist IR scholarship has significantly complexified our understanding of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), documenting its multiple forms and causes across time and space-thereby moving beyond the persistent opportunism-strategy dichotomy and critically engaging with the dominant 'rape as a weapon of war' narrative. Drawing on empirical material from Sri Lanka and northern Uganda we queer the current explanatory frameworks, analyzing multiple instances of CRSV against men that both simultaneously seem to confirm and defy categorizations as opportunistic or strategic, while being situated in broader and systematic warfare dynamics and unequal power-relationships. Our empirical material shows that relying on crude categorizations such as the opportunism-strategy binary is unproductive and essentialist, as it tends to mask over the complexities and messiness of deeply gendered power relationships during times of war. Binary strategy/opportunism categorizations also imply broader unintended political consequences, including the further marginalization of sexual violence acts that fall outside the dominant scripts or binary frameworks-such as sexual violence against men with opportunistic underpinnings.