Human Fibrinogen Degradation Product (FDP) ELISA Kit

Fibrinogen Degradation Products (FDPs) are a series of molecular fragments produced when fibrinogen and fibrin are broken down by the fibrinolytic system. These fragments include a variety of different molecules, mainly X fragment, Y fragment, D-dimer, D fragment, and E fragment. The formation and breakdown of FDPs are closely related to the activity of the fibrinolytic system in the body. When blood vessels are damaged, the blood coagulation system is activated, converting fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a clot to seal the site of injury. The fibrinolytic system, responsible for dissolving clots to maintain smooth and balanced blood circulation, gradually intervenes after clot formation and initiates the degradation of fibrin.

In clinical trials, FDPs are critical for determining thrombosis and fibrinolytic activity. The existence and increasing levels of these products are often indicative of continuous fibrinolysis, which is the process of dissolving clots after they form. The X fragment is an early result of fibrinogen degradation, a large molecular fragment that persists after the fibrinogen molecule has been partially degraded but still has some function. It is not typically utilized as a single diagnostic marker, but rather as an early sign of fibrinolytic activity and coagulation state. Degradation of fibrin or fibrinogen leads to the creation of Y fragments, which contain Aα, Bβ, and γ chains. The presence of Y fragments implies deeper fibrin degradation and is commonly found alongside other FDPs. D and E fragments are smaller pieces produced during fibrin breakdown. The E fragment is mostly derived from the central region of fibrinogen or fibrin and is typically found in combination with D fragments or other FDPs, serving to assess the degree of fibrinolytic and coagulation activity. The D fragment is a fundamental component of the D-dimer. In the last stages of breakdown, these tiny fragments are eliminated from the body via the liver and kidneys.

Figure 1. Overview of fibrinogen conversion into fibrin and subsequent plasmin-mediated breakdown into fibrin degradation products (FDPs). (Source: Kangro K, et al., 2024)

Fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin by thrombin, which is then crosslinked by factor XIII to form a durable fibrin network. When plasmin degrades this cross-linked fibrin, it produces more stable degradation products such as D-dimer, which is formed by the cross-linking of D fragments. D-dimer is one of the most important FDPs since it reflects fibrin cross-linking and breakdown in the body. Therefore, D-dimer is commonly used in clinical practice to diagnose and monitor thrombotic diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). D-dimer testing is highly sensitive, and a negative result can effectively rule out thrombotic diseases. Additionally, changes in FDP levels can reflect the coagulation status of a patient. In certain chronic conditions, such as cancer and severe infections, elevated FDP levels may indicate an increased risk of thrombosis, making them useful for monitoring changes in the condition of high-risk patients.

Human FDP ELISA Kit
Human Fibrin Degradation Product ELISA Kit
FDP ELISA Kit