Overview - Creative Diagnostics https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog Thu, 20 Apr 2023 08:46:32 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.1.1 Antibody-Immunoglobulin https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/antibody-immunoglobulin/ Thu, 20 Apr 2023 08:37:55 +0000 https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=1561 Antibody, also called Immunoglobulin, is a large Y globulin secreted by Effector B cell which is used in identifying and neutralizing the outsiders like bacterial and virus. Antibody is only found in blood ,body fluid and cytomembrane’s surface of Vertebrate. In addition, antiboy can identify one characteristics of specific outsiders. The specific outsider is antigen. […]

The post Antibody-Immunoglobulin first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
Antibody, also called Immunoglobulin, is a large Y globulin secreted by Effector B cell which is used in identifying and neutralizing the outsiders like bacterial and virus. Antibody is only found in blood ,body fluid and cytomembrane’s surface of Vertebrate. In addition, antiboy can identify one characteristics of specific outsiders. The specific outsider is antigen. Antibody is a symmetrical structure containing four Polypeptide chains. Two of these chains are heavy chains which are longer and contain bigger relative moleculars and the others are shorter light chains containing smaller relative mileculars.

Antibody’s main funcion is to bind with antigens including the outside and the inside to eliminate the microorganism and oarasite which intrude the host’s body. Antibody is also a protein produced by reaction of antigen and binding with specificity of antigen. Thus every kinds of antibody can bind with Epitope of specific antigen. These binds can inactivat antigens but it doesn’t work and even cause the Pathological damage of the host somtimes.

Antibody always has its law. The following is the reaction process:

Initial reaction to produce antibodies: when antibody enter the host, it will produce antibody after an incubation period. It produce a little antibody and antibody last a short time.
The reaction to produce antibodies again: When same antigen enter the host again, some elements of old antibody of host will bind with the new antibody at first. Then, antibody titers increase rapidly and it will grow more than several and even dozens of times than the antibody in first entry. In addition, it will be kept in a long period.
Recalls the reaction to produce antibodies: because the antibody sitmulated by antigen will appear after a period. It will increase rapidly again if it bind with disappeared antibody. If the second antigen stimulating host is same as the first one, it can be called Specific recall response and if it is different from the first one, it called Non-specific recall response. Antibody’s growth produced by non-specific recall response is temporary and it will drop in rapid speed.

The post Antibody-Immunoglobulin first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What is Dengue Fever? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-is-dengue-fever/ Mon, 04 Mar 2019 03:28:30 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=613 Dengue fever is a global acute infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DV). It is widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. Its clinical manifestations include high fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, sometimes accompanied by rash, lymphadenopathy and leukopenia. Symptoms, when severe, can develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). […]

The post What is Dengue Fever? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
Dengue fever is a global acute infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DV). It is widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. Its clinical manifestations include high fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, sometimes accompanied by rash, lymphadenopathy and leukopenia. Symptoms, when severe, can develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue fever is the most widespread and most endangered insect-borne infectious disease after malaria, and is one of the leading causes of fever in travelers travelling to tropical and subtropical regions. Currently, more than 50% of the world’s population is at risk of imported dengue infection, and about 50% live in endemic areas of dengue.

Figure1. The main route of dengue virus transmission

Dengue virus characteristics

The main medium for the transmission of dengue fever is Aedes aegypti, followed by Aedes albopictus. Aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus can pass the virus to the next generation via eggs; and the offspring of the dengue virus that has been passed through the egg can continue to be transferred to the female mosquito through mating. In areas where Aedes mosquitoes are active, dengue fever may be transmitted to the population after the bites of infected mosquitoes, resulting in a second-generation infection.

There are four types of dengue virus (DENV), type I, type II, type III and type IV. Infection of any type will produce lifetime specific immunity to the virus, and any type of virus can cause dengue fever outbreaks. In a typical case, the patient has a fever after latent period, which lasts for 2-7 days, with muscle soreness, joint pain, anorexia, sore throat, headache, and skin rash. It is most difficult to distinguish from other febrile diseases during this period. The study found that secondary infection with dengue fever (due to the ADE effect) or infection with a lethal virus strain is a life-threatening factor. Thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability in severe cases can lead to complications such as bleeding and shock. Rapid case test diagnosis, timely clinical treatment, including intravenous infusion, can reduce the mortality of critically ill patients to less than 1%. So far, dengue fever has neither vaccine prevention nor specific antiviral treatment. The actual prevention of dengue fever is also in the prevention of mosquitoes. However, practice shows that the effect of prevention and control is limited.

Diagnosis of dengue fever

Since more than half of the cases of dengue fever are asymptomatic or only have common symptoms of fever, it is difficult to judge dengue fever only from clinical symptoms, and laboratory-assisted diagnosis is particularly important. Only by quickly and accurately diagnosing the disease as soon as possible can early reports, early isolation, early treatment, and timely killing of mosquito vectors in order to control the dengue fever epidemic. This also promotes the continuous improvement of dengue detection technology, and the detection method is simpler, faster and more accurate.

For the detection of dengue virus, the main method includes antibody detection, antigen detection and nucleic acid detection. The antibody test samples are mainly blood, mainly for IgM and IgG. ELISA, ICT and DIBA are the most commonly used methods for clinical detection of dengue virus antibodies. Dengue antigen detection methods include HI, CFT, NT, immunofluorescence (IF), ELISA, and ICT, which are mainly used to detect viral proteins or viruses in samples. Nucleic acid detection is mainly based on the genetic sequence of dengue virus to design specific primers, amplification under appropriate reaction systems and conditions, and finally using instrumentation equipment to detect and judge. In addition, the use of colloidal gold immunochromatography for rapid detection of dengue virus antigens and antibodies, because of its simple operation, relatively low price, no special equipment, no special training, intuitive test results and convenient use on site, obtained extensive application and promotion.

The post What is Dengue Fever? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What is Hippocampus? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-is-hippocampus/ Tue, 19 Feb 2019 05:55:52 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=566 The hippocampus is one of the most studied parts of the brain (the cerebral cortex) in the central nervous system of mammals. Because the shape is similar to the hippocampus, it is called the hippocampus. In the human brain, the hippocampus is mainly responsible for learning and memory. The short-term memory in daily life is […]

The post What is Hippocampus? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
The hippocampus is one of the most studied parts of the brain (the cerebral cortex) in the central nervous system of mammals. Because the shape is similar to the hippocampus, it is called the hippocampus. In the human brain, the hippocampus is mainly responsible for learning and memory. The short-term memory in daily life is stored in the hippocampus. If a memory segment, such as a phone number or a person is repeatedly mentioned in a short time, the hippocampus will be transferred to the cerebral cortex and become a permanent memory.

Figure 1. The structure of hippocampus.

Hippocampus Structure

The hippocampus is part of the limbic system known as the hippocampal region. Hippocampus can be divided into: dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, and entorhinal cortex. The cell layer of the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and lower tray is a single layer, collectively referred to as a hippocampal formation. A low cell density layer and a cell free layer are sandwiched between the upper and lower sides. The other parts have a structure of plurality of layers.

Hippocampus function

The function of the hippocampus is to control the recent memory of human beings. It is a bit like the memory of a computer. It will keep the memory in a few weeks or months, so that the body can quickly access the memory. The memory in the hippocampus is actually the connection between nerve cells. However, storing or throwing away certain information is not a conscious judgment, but is handled by the hippocampus in the human brain. The hippocampus acts as a conversion station in the process of memory. When neurons in the cerebral cortex receive various sensory or sensory messages, they pass the message to the hippocampus. If the hippocampus responds, the neurons will begin to form a lasting network, but if this mode of recognition is not passed, the experience received by the brain will disappear without a trace.

The short-term memory in daily life is stored in the hippocampus, so people with more developed hippocampus will have a stronger memory. If the information stored in the hippocampus is not used for a period of time, it will be “deleted” by itself, that is, it will be forgotten. The information stored in the cerebral cortex is not permanent. If you do not use this information for a long time, the cerebral cortex may “delete” this information. Some people have lost some or all of their memory after being injured in the hippocampus. It all depends on the severity of the injury, that is, whether the function of hippocampus is partially lost or completely lost.

Hippocampus and Disease

The study found that the relationship between hippocampus and seizures is also closely related. Because the hippocampus has a low threshold of seizures episodes in the brain, the onset of almost all epilepsy patients is initiated by the hippocampus. Like this type of hippocampus-based episode, there are many cases where it is difficult to treat with drugs. In addition, a part of the hippocampus, especially the entorhinal cortex, is the first place where Alzheimer’s disease produces lesions, so Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by memory loss. Because the hippocampus is vulnerable to anemia and hypoxia, it is often accompanied by amnesia during cerebral lesions.

Related Products

Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) c-fos
Tau NeuroD2
Calretinin Olig2
Evx1 Nkx6
Calbindin GABA
SPO Isl1
mGluR1 Nkx2-2 (Nkx2.2)
Chx10 EN1

 

The post What is Hippocampus? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What is zonulin? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-is-zonulin/ Tue, 03 Apr 2018 03:46:30 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=501 What is zonulin? Zonulin is a protein, synthesized in intestinal and liver cells, that reversibly regulates intestinal permeability. Zonulin modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract. It was discovered in 2000 by Alessio Fasano and his team at the university of maryland school of medicine. The classic […]

The post What is zonulin? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What is zonulin?

Zonulin is a protein, synthesized in intestinal and liver cells, that reversibly regulates intestinal permeability. Zonulin modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract. It was discovered in 2000 by Alessio Fasano and his team at the university of maryland school of medicine. The classic symptom of cholera is profuse, watery, debilitating diarrhea. One of the bacterial toxins associated with cholera, called zonula occludens toxin, rapidly and reversibly opens the tight junctions between intestinal cells, temporarily causing leaky gut. Dr. Fasano and his colleagues found that cells in the human intestine produce a protein that is almost identical to the zonula occludens toxin, and they named it zonulin. Dr. Fasano’s group then isolated zonulin from human intestines and found it to increase intestinal permeability in primates.

Zonulin and Leaky Gut

zonulin

Leaky gut, or “intestinal permeability,” is a condition in which the lining of the small intestine becomes damaged, causing undigested food particles, toxic waste products and bacteria to “leak” through the intestines and flood the blood stream. The foreign substances entering the blood can cause an autoimmune response in the body including inflammatory and allergic reactions such as migraines, irritable bowel, eczema, chronic fatigue, food allergies, rheumatoid arthritis and more.

Zonula occludens toxin (ZOT – R) is one of the toxins released by Vibrio cholerae which cause the severe diarrhoea experienced by those with cholera, and acts by loosening the tight junctions of the gut. As these weaken, water can rapidly flow back into the gut putting sufferers at severe risk of dehydration. When studying this toxin, researchers identified that there was a human analogue which our own gut cells could release in order to regulate tight junction structure and function, which they named zonulin (R). Importantly, zonulin remains the only modulator of intracellular tight junctions expressed so far that can affect gut function and health and associated immune response and so it is widely investigated. High levels of zonulin have been associated with increased intestinal permeability, as zonulin induces the breakdown of the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells. Several autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases have been associated with elevated levels of zonulin or evidence of increased intestinal permeability. These include celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, and juvenile nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, evidence is accumulating to support an association with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease.

When we say that zonulin increases intestinal permeability, it is helpful to think of the lining of the intestines as like a cheesecloth. Only the tiniest particles should pass through. Zonulin makes the holes of the cheesecloth bigger and allows large particles to pass into the bloodstream and through the body. We call this increased intestinal permeability, or leaky gut. The process of leaky gut is thought to contribute to inflammation throughout the body and even to the development of autoimmune disease.  Consistent with the theory of leaky gut and autoimmune disease, excess zonulin production is found in a variety of autoimmune diseases. It is also found during flare-ups of celiac disease. Whether a person has an autoimmune disease or not, the 2 most important triggers for zonulin release are bacteria and gluten. Even in people who do not have celiac disease, the gluten and gliadin proteins that are found in wheat can trigger the release of zonulin and increase intestinal permeability.

Zonulin Elisa Kit

Creative diagnostics provides high quality zonulin elisa kits for the quantitative determination of human haptoglobin concentrations in serum-free cell culture supernates, serum, plasma, saliva, and urine. It is only for research use.

The post What is zonulin? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What are cytokines? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-are-cytokines/ Wed, 15 Nov 2017 07:57:16 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=434 What are cytokines? Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. The word cytokine is derived from the Greek kytos meaning ‘hollow’ or ‘vessel’ and kinein meaning ‘to move’ and was originally used to separate a group of immuno-regulatory proteins, such as interleukins, from […]

The post What are cytokines? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What are cytokines?

Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. The word cytokine is derived from the Greek kytos meaning ‘hollow’ or ‘vessel’ and kinein meaning ‘to move’ and was originally used to separate a group of immuno-regulatory proteins, such as interleukins, from other chemicals, known as growth factors, that modulated the proliferation and bioactivation of nonimmune cells. Cytokines aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.

Cytokines

Types of Cytokines

While “cytokines” is an umbrella term that includes all kinds, there are more specific names given to cytokines. The major proteins/protein families that constitute the cytokine group of regulatory molecules as follows:

Interleukins (IL) Interferons (IFN)
Colony stimulation factors (CSF) Tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
Neurotrophins Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Erythropoietin (EPO) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) Macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Transforming growth factor (TGF)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Most cytokines names are given based on cell types, biological activity and the structure. The term ‘cytokine’ was first introduced in the mid-1970s. It was applied to polypeptide growth factors controlling the differentiation and regulation of cells of the immune system. The interferons (IFNs) and interleukins (ILs) represented the major polypeptide families classified as cytokines at that time.

Interferons (IFNs) – Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.

IFNA1 IFNA2 IFNA3 IFNA4 IFNA5
IFNA6 IFNA7 IFNA8 IFNA10 IFNA11
IFNA13 IFNA14 IFNA16 IFNA17 IFNA21
IFNB1 IFNE IFNG IFNK IFNW1

Interleukins (ILs) – Interleukins are a group of cytokines that were first seen to be expressed by leukocytes and acting on other leukocytes.

IL1α IL1β IL2 IL3 IL4
IL5 IL6 IL7 IL8 IL9
IL10 IL11 IL12 IL13 IL15
IL16 IL17 IL18 IL19 IL20
IL21 IL22 IL23 IL24 IL25
IL26 IL27 IL29 IL31 IL32
IL33 IL34 IL37

Cytokine names on the basis of producing cell types:

  1. Lymphokines – Cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), produced by lymphocytes
  2. Monokines – Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced by monocytes.

Cytokine names on the basis of the specific biological activity by which the cytokine was first discovered:

  1. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) – Cytokines exhibited cytotoxic effects on some cancer cell lines
  2. Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) – Cytokines promoted the growth in vitro of various leukocytes in clumps or colonies.

Cytokine names on a structural basis:

  1. “β-Trefoil” cytokines – include fibroblast growth factors, interleukin-1
  2. Chemokines – Interleukin-8, macrophage inflammatory proteins
  3. “Cysteine knot” cytokines- Nerve growth factor, transforming growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor
  4. EGF family
  5. Haematopoietins
  6. TNF family

The Functions of Cytokine

Cytokines have important roles in chemically induced tissue damage repair, in cancer development and progression, in the control of cell replication and apoptosis, and in the modulation of immune reactions such as sensitization. Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor. Subsequent cascades of intracellular signaling then alter cell functions. Cytokines are often involved in several developmental processes during embryogenesis. Cytokines are crucial for fighting off infections and in other immune responses. Cytokines constitute the single most important group of biopharmaceutical substances. As coordinators of the immune and inflammatory response, manipulation of cytokine activity can have a major influence on the body’s response to a variety of medical conditions.

 

The post What are cytokines? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What is C-reactive protein? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-is-c-reactive-protein/ Wed, 13 Sep 2017 06:27:51 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=409 C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein belonging to pentraxin family of proteins, whose levels increases 1000-fold or more in concentration in blood during the occurrence of an injury, inflammation or tissue death. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells.   In hospital, […]

The post What is C-reactive protein? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein belonging to pentraxin family of proteins, whose levels increases 1000-fold or more in concentration in blood during the occurrence of an injury, inflammation or tissue death. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells.

C-reactive protein

 

In hospital, we always been taught to C-reactive protein is “inflammation” synonymous in the blood test, especially in the case of cold. When the C-reactive protein increased, indicating that patients with inflammation. But is C-reactive protein only indicate to the issue? C-reactive protein is one of the most important and sensitive markers of human acute phase response. There are more clinical significance. Pregnancy, autoimmune arthritis, lupus, infections, and cancer can cause an especially high CRP.

1 CRP and infection

CRP is an important factor in determining the etiology of infection. The level of CRP can be significantly higher in bacterial infections. It can distinguish between bacteria and virus infections. A value higher than 100mg/L strongly suggests bacterial infections, whereas that below 10 mg/L indicates viral infection.

2 CRP during normal pregnancy

CRP does not cross the placental barrier and therefore, will be useful in diagnosing infections in newborns. It has been shown that CRP is present in amniotic fluid and fetal urine, and the elevated levels are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome.

3 CRP and cardiovascular risk

A C-reactive protein test can help doctors determine your risk for heart disease or stroke. CRP is unlikely to contribute directly to cardiovascular disease as a pathogenic factor. Similar conclusions were drawn from recent Mendelian randomization studies. Using widely available high-sensitivity assays, CRP levels of 1, 1 to 3, and 3 mg/L have been classified as low, moderate, and high-risk groups for future cardiovascular events. Individuals with LDL cholesterol below 130 mg/dL and CRP levels of 3 mg/dL represent a high-risk group.

4 CRP and cancer

CRP levels have been used to predict the risk of cancer, detect cancer recurrence, and in prognosis. CRP is a biomarker of inflammation and indicator of the immune response to tumors. Its role as a predictor of survival has been shown in multiple myeloma, melanoma, lymphoma, ovarian, renal, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal tumors.

5 CRP and diabetes

Elevated levels of CRP and IL-6 predict the development of type 2 diabetes. This association supports a possible role for inflammation in diabetogenesis. CRP is a powerful independent predictor of diabetes, after adjustment for obesity, clinical risk factors, and fasting insulin levels. Minor increase in CRP level has also been reported to be associated with a number of medical conditions that do not appear to be associated with inflammation. Elevated CRP is also observed with several genetic polymorphisms of the CRP and other genes, ethnicity, dietary patterns and obesity.

Creative Diagnostics provides high quality CRP antibodies and CRP elisa kits for CRP related research, these products have been tested and validated by our in-house team of scientists for sensitivity and reproducibility.

 

The post What is C-reactive protein? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What are Biomarkers? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-are-biomarkers/ Thu, 27 Apr 2017 09:20:29 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=328 The use of biomarkers in basic and clinical research as well as in clinical practice has become so commonplace that their presence as primary endpoints in clinical trials is now accepted almost without question. Medical signs have a long history of use in clinical practice—as old as medical practice itself—and biomarkers are merely the most […]

The post What are Biomarkers? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
The use of biomarkers in basic and clinical research as well as in clinical practice has become so commonplace that their presence as primary endpoints in clinical trials is now accepted almost without question. Medical signs have a long history of use in clinical practice—as old as medical practice itself—and biomarkers are merely the most objective, quantifiable medical signs modern laboratory science allows us to measure reproducibly.

Definition of Biomarkers

A biomarker, or biological marker generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. It is a biological characteristic, which can be molecular, anatomic, physiologic, or biochemical. These characteristics can be measured and evaluated objectively.  They act as indicators of a normal or a pathogenic biological process. They allow assessing the pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. A biomarker shows a specific physical trait or a measurable biologically produced change in the body that is linked to a disease or a particular health condition.

Biomarkers

Potential biomarkers including proteins and protein fragments, metabolites, carbohydrate biomarkers, genomic biomarkers (RNA and DNA), cellular biomarkers (captured as the cell pellet from body fluids), and imaging biomarkers. These types of biomarkers can also be referred to as in vitro biomarkers (derived from in vitro diagnostics) versus in vivo biomarkers respectively. A biomarker may be used to assess or detect a specific disease as early as possible, the risk of developing a disease, the evolution of a disease and it can be predictive too.

Biomarkers can take a wide variety of forms. For example, some biomarkers can be used to indicate the presence of certain organisms, including a history of their presence even if they no longer exist. A classic example of such a biomarker is an antibody, a substance developed by the body to help it fight disease. Biomarkers can also be used to differentiate cells; some cancer treatments, for example, are designed to target specific cells, using their biomarkers like a tag.

Functions of Biomarkers

Biomarkers assays are becoming increasingly important in clinical development. Biomarker assays are also useful for identifying intermediate endpoints of success to decrease follow-up time.  The use of a specific biomarker assay can provide early indication of drug efficacy.

Biomarkers depicting prodromal signs enable earlier diagnosis or allow for the outcome of interest to be determined at a more primitive stage of disease. Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid provide the necessary biological information for the diagnosis. In these conditions, biomarkers are used as an indicator of a biological factor that represents either a subclinical manifestation, stage of the disorder, or a surrogate manifestation of the disease. Biomarkers used for screening or diagnosis also often represent surrogate manifestations of the disease.

Biomarkers and Diseases
Since at least the 1980s, the necessity of using biomarkers as surrogate outcomes in large trials of major diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, has been widely discussed. Factors such as increasing prevalence of cancer and heart desease, increased awareness and acceptance of diagnostic tests, Creative Diagnostics provides biomarkers related reagents.

Cardiac Biomarker Antibodies Cancer Biomarker Antigens
Cardiac Biomarker Antigens Cancer Biomarker Elisa
Cardiac Biomarker Elisa

Biomarkers play a critical role in improving the drug development process as well as in the larger biomedical research enterprise. Understanding the relationship between measurable biological processes and clinical outcomes is vital to expanding our arsenal of treatments for all diseases, and for deepening our understanding of normal, healthy physiology.

The post What are Biomarkers? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
What is Tomato Mosaic Virus? https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/what-is-tomato-mosaic-virus/ Wed, 25 Jan 2017 07:29:44 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=304 Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a member of family tobamoviridae and belongs to the genus tobamovirus, which is a plant pathogenic virus. It is found worldwide and affects tomatoes and many other wide host range plants including many agricultural crops and weeds such as tobacco and beans, all of which can serve as inoculum sources. […]

The post What is Tomato Mosaic Virus? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a member of family tobamoviridae and belongs to the genus tobamovirus, which is a plant pathogenic virus. It is found worldwide and affects tomatoes and many other wide host range plants including many agricultural crops and weeds such as tobacco and beans, all of which can serve as inoculum sources. The tomato crop is highly susceptible to the Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). The symptoms vary from tiles, wrinkle, reduction and curvature of leaflets, and irregular ripening of fruits. This disease requires attention because of its easy dissemination by contact, cultural practices, or contaminated seed.

Structure of Tomato Mosaic Virus

ToMV has a rod shaped structure, about 300 nm length and 18 nm radius. ToMV has its genetic material enclosed in a protein coat. Tomato mosaic virus encodes four different proteins important for virus replication and movement, they are 180kDa /RNA dependent RNA polymerase, 130kDa/ Methyltransferase/Helicase, 30kDa/ Movement protein and 18kDa/Coat protein. The two proteins involved in replication are encoded by the genomic RNA where as the two involved in virus packaging and movement are translated by sub-genomic RNAs. The virus particles are very stable and remain infectious for many years after extraction.

Table 1. Different proteins encoded by tomato mosaic virus

ORF Function
180kDa /RNA dependent RNA polymerase Replication
130kDa/ Methyltransferase/Helicase Replication
30kDa/ Movement protein Cell to cell and long distance movement of virus particles
18kDa/Coat protein Packaging of viral RNA

Symptoms of Tomato Mosaic Virus

Tomato mosaic virus symptoms can be found at any stage of growth and all parts of the plant may be infected. ToMV causes yellow mosaic symptoms on the leaves and tomato fruits. Tomato mosaic virus symptoms are seen as a general mottling or mosaic appearance on foliage. Light and darker green mosaic leaf mottle, sometimes with distortion of younger leaves; this is the most common reaction in summer in glasshouses. In winter, with low light intensity, short days and temperatures not above 20°C, plants are often severely stunted and leaves distorted to ‘fern-leaf’ or tendril shape, but mottling may be slight. Plants are less vigorous, and fruit yield is reduced by 3 to 23%. Tomato mosaic virus strains occur in Chenopodium murale in the USA, causing severe stunting, distortion and necrosis , and in pear associated with a diffuse chlorotic leaf spotting.

tobacco-mosaic-virus
Symptoms of ToMV infection

Detection of Tomato Mosaic Virus

Treating mosaic virus is difficult and there are no chemicl controls like there are for fungal diseases. Tomato mosaic virus has been found to survive for up to 50 years in desiccated plant detritus! So tomato mosaic virus control then leans less on eliminating the disease and more on reducing and eliminating the virus sources and insect infestations. Control is mainly based on the use of virus-free seeds.

For detection of the pathogen, different methods may be used, including molecular or biological, and the use of indicator plants. However, these methods require appropriate facilities and are time consuming. Furthermore, the existence of strains of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tobamovirus, may cause symptoms similar to those caused by ToMV, making the biological test more complex. When it comes to establishing the health of a seed lot, the use of indicator plants may be replaced by the monoclonal-ELISA test. The DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich Elisa) is a relatively sensitive technique and is widely used for preliminary identification and quantification of viruses in plants. The DAS-ELISA test on tomato seeds (ToMV Elisa Kit) was an efficient method for detection. Thermotherapy for 24 h was shown to be effective in eradicating the virus, and caused less damage to the seed physiological quality.

The post What is Tomato Mosaic Virus? first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
Overview of Hepatitis C Virus https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/overview-of-hepatitis-c-virus/ Wed, 02 Nov 2016 02:39:56 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=275 The hepatitis C virus is a positive-strand RNA virus encoding a single polyprotein precursor that belongs to the genus Hepacivirus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer and lymphomas in humans. About 3.5 million people in the U.S. have the […]

The post Overview of Hepatitis C Virus first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
The hepatitis C virus is a positive-strand RNA virus encoding a single polyprotein precursor that belongs to the genus Hepacivirus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer and lymphomas in humans. About 3.5 million people in the U.S. have the disease. Worldwide, approximately 160 million people are estimated to have chronic hepatitis C. Doctors recommend that people who are at higher risk of getting hepatitis C should be tested for HCV infection. Currently there is no effective vaccine for hepatitis C virus. The best way to prevent Hepatitis C is by avoiding behaviors that can spread the disease, especially injecting drugs.

HCV particles are believed to have a diameter of 55 to 65 nm, consists of a core of genetic material (RNA), surrounded by an icosahedral protective shell of protein, and further encased in a lipid (fatty) envelope of cellular origin. Two viral envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, are embedded in the lipid envelope. E2, is known to contain a region that binds to liver cells.  The HCV genome is a single-stranded RNA molecule of positive polarity. It contains a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein of about 3,000 amino acids. The ORF is flanked by 5’and 3’ untranslated regions(UTR) of 341 and approximately 230 nucleotides in length, respectively. Both 5’ and 3’ UTR bear highly conserved RNA structures essential for polyprotein translation and genome replication.

hcv

Creative Diagnostics is one of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of antibodies, antigens, and innovative diagnostic components. We provides high quality research products for Hepatitis C virus:

HCV Antibodies

HCV Antigens

HCV Elisa Kits

HCV Rapid Test Kits

Referrence:
  1. Lindenbach BD, Rice CM. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:991–1042.
  2. Hijikata M, Mizushima H, Akagi T, Mori S, Kakiuchi N, Kato N, Tanaka T, et al. Two distinct proteinase activities required for the processing of a putative nonstructural precursor protein of hepatitis C virus. J Virol 1993;67:4665– 4675.

The post Overview of Hepatitis C Virus first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
How Harmful is Ochratoxin A https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/index.php/how-harmful-is-ochratoxin-a/ Tue, 27 Oct 2015 09:20:09 +0000 http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/blog/?p=195 As one of the most worried things for farmers, Ochratoxin A(OTA) dose harms to both animals and human beings. Ochratoxin A can be everywhere. Animals get Ochratoxin A by eating the polluted feeds and people have Ochratoxin A by eating toxic animals. OTA mainly damage kidneys and livers of animals. Kidneys are the first target […]

The post How Harmful is Ochratoxin A first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>
As one of the most worried things for farmers, Ochratoxin A(OTA) dose harms to both animals and human beings. Ochratoxin A can be everywhere. Animals get Ochratoxin A by eating the polluted feeds and people have Ochratoxin A by eating toxic animals.

OTA mainly damage kidneys and livers of animals. Kidneys are the first target organs and only taking vast Ochratoxin A leads to liver disease. Pigs and fowls are most sensitive to
Ochratoxin A. The acute toxic reactions are depression,digestive disorders , enteritis visible mucosal bleeding , or diarrhea. Pregnant dams even have abortion. What is the toxic reactions of kidneys. First,kidney become fat and pale; the surface is uneven and have small bubbles; renal necrosis happens and renal cortical cells induce gap. Second, proximal tubule function degenerates;renal tubular permeability deteriorates, ability to concentrate decrease. Third, Plasma total protein , albumin and globulin decrease. The chronic poisoning actions are poor bone integrity , intestine and kidney damage fragile.

If found poisoning of animals, the primary thing to do is stopping feeding them with toxic feeds and change into the feeds which is easy to digest and is rich in vitamins. Give thesymptomatic treatment to animals with serious condition to protect them from dehydration. Phenylalanine injection is effective to treat OTA acute poisoning.

How to prevent Ochratoxin A from animals? Prevention is more important than treatment. There are some tips on prevention and control of Ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A act steadily to heat, so it is not ideal to remove toxicity through heating. According to the report, adds some cholestyramine into the feeds and irradiates it with γ-rays and ultraviolet, which can promote remove toxicity. In addition, OTA and OTB can hydrolyze to phenylalanine and OA with less toxicity under the catalysis of carboxypeptidase A and chymotrypsin. Hydrolysis rate of OTB is six to seven times that of OTA and rumen microbes have a strong reactivity. According to the experiment, adds Carboxypeptidase into fluids with OTA, after few days, the OTA decrease a lot. So It can be an effective way to remove OTA.

The post How Harmful is Ochratoxin A first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

]]>