Figure 1. M6A regulates DNA repair through the R-loop to maintain genomic stability.

Definition and Types of RNA Methylation Modification

In nature, RNA modification is widely present in a variety of nucleotides, such as A, U, C, G, and I, of which methylation modification accounts for about 2/3 of the total modification. In eukaryotes, there are many RNA methylation modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), N6,2-O-dimethyladenine (m6Am) and N1-methyladenosine (m1A).

m6A

m6A refers to the methylation that occurs on the N atom at position 6 of base A and is involved in many important links in normal and abnormal biological processes such as RNA shearing, translation and degradation. It has been shown that m6A modifications are mainly distributed in the coding region of mRNA, near the splice site, the stop codon region and the 3′ non-coding region (3’UTR). At the same time, m6A is also present in the exon region, which has the conservation of the RRACH sequence (R is usually G and A, H is usually A, C and U). The most classical sequence is GGACU.

Three types of proteins are involved in the m6A modification of RNA: methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers) and methylation readers. In essence, it is a dynamic and reversible process in which m6A is formed by methyltransferases, removed by demethylases, and the modified sites can be recognised by methylation readers. Previous studies have shown that m6A modification affects the stability of the mRNA itself, the efficiency of protein translation, chromatin remodelling and histone modification. Studies have shown that during RNA transcription, m6A modification can directly demethylate adjacent DNA, thereby increasing chromatin accessibility and the expression of the genes in which it is located. In addition to its function in regulating gene expression, abnormal m6A methylation levels can also cause dysregulation of downstream gene expression, leading to a variety of diseases including tumours, cardiovascular dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease.

m5C

m5C is also a dynamic and reversible modification that is widely present in rRNA, mRNA, tRNA and many non-coding RNAs. The m5C modification in mRNA is mainly enriched in the untranslated region (3’UTR and 5’UTR), GC-rich region and near the AGO protein binding site with an AUCGANGO motif. RNA m5C methylation modification can mediate a variety of biological functions, including RNA output, ribosome assembly and translation. Similar to m6A, m5C also involves writers, erasers and readers.

m7G

m7G was first discovered in eukaryotic mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Its most typical enzyme is METTL1, and other related enzymes are less studied. The m7G modification in mRNA is enriched at the 5’UTR and can be dynamically regulated with changes in stress. Its function is to promote translation. In rRNA, m7G modification is mediated by WBSCR22, but its role needs to be further investigated.　

DNA Damage Repair and Tumorigenesis

Causes and Repair Methods of DNA Damage

DNA is constantly attacked by exogenous and exogenous factors in cells and is damaged, resulting in genomic instability. This genomic instability is one of the important reasons for promoting the occurrence and development of tumors. Different damaging factors will cause different DNA damage. DNA damage mainly includes DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks (DSB), base mismatches, and interstrand crosslinks, among which DSB has the greatest toxic effect on cells. In order to maintain the integrity of the genome structure, cells will respond to different types of DNA damage through a variety of repair methods such as direct repair, base excision repair, nucleic acid excision repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination repair (HRR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). HRR, as the most important and precise repair method for DNA double-strand damage, occupies an important position.

Abnormal DNA Damage Repair and Tumor Treatment

Abnormal DNA damage repair in cells can lead to DNA mutations, endanger genome stability, and thus mediate the transformation of normal cells to malignancy. Studies have shown that the DNA damage repair pathway is one of the tumorigenesis pathways, and defects in DNA damage repair can promote tumorigenesis. Compared with normal tissues, cell proliferation in tumor tissues is abnormal and the degree of DNA damage increases. In this case, the apoptosis gene P53 is inactivated and the driver gene is activated, resulting in increased DNA replication pressure and an increase in the incidence of DNA damage, especially DSB. After DNA damage, on the one hand, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) protein kinase, ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase, etc. quickly sense the damage and start the DNA damage repair mechanism, activate the tumor suppressor gene P53, and induce cell apoptosis; on the other hand, the accumulation of DNA damage causes genomic instability, increases the incidence of tumors, and ultimately causes normal tissues to develop into malignant tumors.

Regulation of DNA Damage by RNA Methylation Modification and Chemoresistance

DSB is the most cytotoxic DNA damage. If not repaired in time, it will damage genome stability and chromosome integrity. In mammals, there are two main pathways for DSB repair: homologous recombination (HR) and NHEJ. Related studies have shown that RNA plays an important role in DNA damage response (DDR), especially dilncRNA and DDRNA have been reported to exist at DSB sites, thereby promoting DNA double-strand breaks repair (DSBR). At the same time, more evidence shows that dilncRNA can form DNA-RNA hybrid double strands at DSB sites, thereby promoting DNA repair proteins such as breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1), BRCA2, DNA repair protein RAD51 and meiotic recombination protein 11 (MRE11) to approach the proximal DSB site, thereby improving the efficiency of DSB repair. In addition, DSBs in the transcriptionally active regions of the genome can also induce the formation of DNA-RNA hybrid double strands, and the induction of reactive oxygen species can also play the same role.

The post RNA Methylation Modification Regulates the DNA Damage Repair Process first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

A mechanosensitive ion channel is an ion channel that can sense changes in the mechanical force of the cell membrane and react quickly. This reaction of the ion channel can convert the mechanical signal sensed by the membrane into an electrical signal or a chemical signal. Mechanosensory is closely related to life activities, and its related research was first carried out in Escherichia coli. Through the study of the mechanically sensitive ion channel MSCs protein family in Escherichia coli, it has been clearly explained how bacteria respond to changes in mechanical forces such as osmotic pressure to maintain life activities. Subsequently, the researchers conducted studies on the NOMPC in Drosophila and the DEG/ENaC channel family in nematodes, which explained relatively clearly the molecular basis of response to mechanical forces in lower eukaryotes. However, the molecular basis for the production of touch, proprioception, and hearing in mammals in response to mechanical forces has always been unclear. Scientists speculate that there is a certain protein that may act as both a force sensor and an ion channel, which can react and conduct mechanical force signal in nearly microseconds. But what exactly are these combined receptor-channel proteins?

To this end, Patapoutian and his colleague Bertrand Coste developed a research plan. They used a special mouse cell that can be converted into a measurable current for monitoring when tapped with a pipette. Then, they used gene knockout methods to screen candidate ion channel genes, by observing which batch of cells suddenly lost their tactile sensitivity, and then identifying their related genes. After a year of hard work, until 2010, Dr. Ardem Patapoutian’s research group identified the Piezo protein family for the first time, which is the first truly mechanically sensitive non-selective cation channel in mammals. This discovery was considered It is a landmark discovery to understand the important life activity of mechanical force in mammals.

Piezo ion channels are one of the mechanically sensitive ion channels. They are selectively permeable to Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The channel family contains two structurally and genetically similar proteins, Piezo1 and Piezo2, both of which are activated by stress. Through the study of the molecular structure of this family, it is found that the members of the piezo family are large protein substances with more than 2,000 residues, which cross the membrane about 30-40 times. They can be said to be the most transmembrane molecules known to man. The molecular weights are 55kDa and 70kDa, respectively. Later, the scientists analyzed the spatial structure of the piezo protein by cryo-electron microscopy, and the images obtained were very amazing. The three Piezo proteins form trimers across the cell membrane. With the central hole as the center, the three proteins spiral outward to form a spatial structure similar to that of a propeller blade. They bend upwards and outwards, forming a deep depression on the surface of the cell. Based on its spatial structure, scientists predict that there are two possible mechanosensory mechanisms. One is that when a mechanical force acts on the cell membrane, the “leaf” structure will drive the “support rod” structure inside the cell membrane, thereby opening the central hole for ion flow; another speculation is that the way Piezo’s “leaf” structure makes the cell membrane pleated may suggest a different mechanism: whether it is pushed or pulled, it will increase the cell membrane tension, and the curved channel may be flattened and opened.

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For thousands of years, humans have been trying to explore the origin of consciousness and have also been trying to control our bodies. With the advancement of anatomy, we have learned the magical role of neurons in sensory conduction. But the neurons that feel the world at all times, how do you distinguish between sweet, sour, bitter, spicy, and salty, and cold, hot, and warm? What determines the difference in neuron function?

For a long time, scientists have speculated that the different responses of nerve cells to different stimuli are likely to depend on ion channel receptors on the cell membrane. Ion channel receptors are like doors and windows on houses. Its opening and closing affect the in and out of ions inside and outside the cell, and the different selectivity of cations and anions will affect the change of cell membrane potential. The normal cell membrane maintains a positive and negative potential difference between the outside and the inside. If a large amount of cations flows in or anions flows out, it will cause the depolarization of the cell membrane (the resting potential changes in the direction of decreasing the negative value in the membrane). When a certain level is reached, action potentials (also called nerve impulses) will also be induced. This action potential can be conducted between nerve cells without attenuation, just like the conduction of an electric current in a non-impedance wire, and eventually reach the cerebral cortex to produce different feelings.

As we all know, eating chili will feel hot because it contains capsaicin, but how does capsaicin activate the function of nerve cells that cause this feeling? This has always been a mystery. In the late 1990s, David Julius of the University of California, San Francisco, was working on such an interesting subject: How does capsaicin cause the burning sensation when we come into contact with peppers? Julius, who is good at receptor cloning, began to become interested in the molecular mechanisms of somatic perception and pain. Using pepper as the starting point, after experiencing many difficulties, he finally successfully cloned the capsaicin-specific receptor-vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) in 1997, and unexpectedly discovered that the receptor can be activated to temperatures above 43°C. This great discovery, for the first time presents the signal transduction effect of ion channel receptors between physical and chemical stimuli, that is, the stimulation of natural chemical substances such as capsaicin and physical stimuli such as temperature can be uniformly converted into electrical signals through the TRPV1 channel on the cell membrane. From the molecular level, it shows us the most basic source of somatosensory cognition and renews our cognition of somatosensory.

When the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 was first discovered, people were quite excited about the protein receptor that can convert chemical and physical signals into electrical signals. But at the same time, people were surprised to find that spicy is not a sense of taste, but a sense of pain. The reason is that TRPV1 receptors are specifically expressed in nociceptive neurons (afferent neurons that specifically recognize nociceptive stimuli) and are widely distributed in various tissues and organs of the body. When stimulated by hot pepper or high temperature, the TRPV1 receptor is immediately activated to generate electrical signals, which are uploaded to the brain along the nociceptive afferent nervous system. And because the brain’s interpretation of nociceptive afferent nerve signals is unified as the stimulus of “pain”, the sensation of spiciness is scientifically defined as the sensation of pain (of course, spiciness is different from ordinary pain due to its thermal properties). It is not difficult to explain why in addition to our mouth, our eyes and skin also have a tingling sensation.

How to solve spicy food scientifically?

The first is to break the bond between capsaicin and TRPV1 receptor, such as drinking high-fat foods or beverages (milk, soy milk, ice cream, etc.) to dissolve capsaicin bound to the receptor.

The second method is to interfere with the brain’s perception of spicy. For example, sucrose and vanillin have a good anti-spicy effect. The reasons for vanillin to relieve spicy are more complicated. On the one hand, sucrose relieves spicy because the stimulation of sweet and spicy acts on different receptor cells in the mouth, and the interaction between receptor cells interferes with the production of brain consciousness. On the other hand, The brain releases analgesic substances after receiving the sweet stimulus, thereby alleviating the spicy pain.

Another interesting study found that pinching the nostrils can inhibit 50% of the spicy feeling. The reason is that the nostrils are closed and the surface temperature of the tongue will decrease, and the decrease in temperature will reduce the possibility of TRPV1 activation. (Next time it’s so spicy, maybe you can try to pinch your nose for the first time?)

In addition to the flavoring agent on the table, people have always used chili as an analgesic. But it wasn’t until TRPV1 was discovered that the analgesic mystery of pepper came to the surface: when TRPV1’s ion channel properties are continuously activated, cations will continue to flood into the cell, and excessive calcium ions can produce cytotoxicity. Cells will shut down the TRPV1 channel feedback due to their own protection, and desensitize nociceptive neurons to capsaicin and other nociceptive stimuli, reducing the production of pain signals, thereby inhibiting pain perception.

After grasping the relationship between TRPV1 receptor and analgesia, scientists regarded it as a new and important drug target for the treatment of a variety of chronic pain. Large pharmaceutical companies have entered the game to block the brain’s perception of pain by simulating and enhancing the activation of capsaicin on the TRPV1 channel, or directly inhibiting the channel function, hoping to develop new and efficient painkillers to supplement the existing The limitations and strong risks of drugs in treatment (opioids have addiction problems, and some anti-inflammatory analgesics have risks of liver and cardiovascular damage). At present, more than a dozen related drugs have undergone clinical trials at various stages, such as the ultra-pure synthetic capsaicin (trans isomer) preparation CNTX-4975 launched by the biopharmaceutical company Centrexion Therapeutics.

“Hot” opens the door to temperature exploration

Why does chili make us feel hot while it hurts us? As mentioned earlier, when the TRPV1 receptor is activated by capsaicin, it can also be activated by physical high temperatures above 43°C. After TRPV1, David Julius and other teams of scientists have successively discovered that a variety of ion channel proteins similar to TRPV1 (which belong to the TRP protein family) are related to temperature perception. For example, the team of Ardem Patapoutian, who also won the Covely Neuroscience Prize, confirmed a type of menthol-sensitive ion channel through the menthol molecule (the main component of peppermint) in 2002 TRPM8, this channel can be activated by harmless low temperature of 8°C~28°C. In 2003, the team discovered a cold sensory channel called TRPA1 that can be activated by mustard, which can be activated by ultra-low temperature (<17°C).

At present, we can basically infer from the molecular level the source of cold, heat and warm feelings: primary sensory neurons express a variety of TRP channel subtypes related to temperature perception, for example, TRPV1 (≥42°C), TRPV2 (≥52°C), TRPM3 (≥40°C) that feel noxious heat; TRPV3 (≥31°C), TRPV4 (≥25°C), TRPM2 (≥35°C), TRPM4/TRPM5 (15-25°C) for feeling non-noxious heat; TRPM8 (≤28°C) for feeling non-noxious cold; Feel the nociceptive cold TRPA1 (≤17°C) and feel the reduced temperature TRPC5 (25-37°C). When the body is in a different temperature environment, specific temperature-sensitive ion channels will be activated to generate electrical signals, which are transmitted to the brain through the nervous system to produce specific temperature perception.

What’s interesting is that the protein receptors that feel the heat and cold are not specializing in their duties, but “multi-tasking”, so that the magical experience of hot pepper and cool peppermint is created. So the question is, does the heat we feel when we eat chili is really related to the increase in physical temperature?
To be sure, the heat of eating chili-like substances is not the result of physical temperature changes, but the result of perception. Everyone may have felt that after being spicy enough, they are more sensitive to the feeling of heat. This is because the TRPV1 channel, which can be activated by capsaicin and physical high temperature (≥42°C) at the same time, has a lower threshold for temperature perception after being activated by capsaicin, that is, a body temperature of less than 42°C can also induce noxious “heat.” At the same time, the dual activation of capsaicin and temperature on the TRPV1 receptor also greatly enhances the excitability of sensory neurons that express the receptor. Therefore, our feelings are “abnormally” magnified, and even a mouthful of the spicy soup at 40°C will have a “fire-breathing” feeling.

The post The Secret Hidden in the Pepper first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

Wonderful Encounter
The discovery and application of CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing technology has become a major revolution in the field of modern gene editing. The emergence of this technology has greatly simplified the process of gene editing. Its discovery process is also full of accidents like other scientific discoveries.
In an occasional conversation with a colleague who is engaged in microbiological research, Dr. Doudna learned that the same code of repeated DNA sequences in the genetic material of extremely different bacteria and archaea appear repeatedly, but they are separated by different sequences. These repeats are called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, abbreviated as CRISPR. Because the unique non-repetitive sequences in CRISPR seem to match the genetic codes of various viruses, researchers believe that it is part of the ancient immune system of bacteria, which can protect bacteria and archaea from viruses. If the bacterium successfully resists the virus infection, it will add part of the virus’s genetic code to its genome as a memory of the infection. Although no one knew the molecular mechanism at the time, the basic hypothesis of the scientists at the time was that bacteria used the mechanism of RNA interference to neutralize viruses.

Complex Molecular Mechanism Map

If bacteria are proven to have an ancient immune system, it will become a very important discovery in the scientific community. For this reason, Dr. Doudna began to learn about the CRISPR system out of curiosity. It turns out that in addition to the CRISPR sequence, there is also a special gene called CRISPR-related inside the bacteria, abbreviated as Cas. Dr. Doudna discovered that these genes are very similar to those that encode proteins that are specifically used to melt and cut DNA. Therefore, it has become a new problem to prove that Cas protein has the same function of cutting viral DNA.

A few years later, the research team led by Dr. Doudna succeeded in revealing the functions of several different Cas proteins. At the same time, the system has been discovered by other research groups. The bacterial immune system can take very different forms. The figure below shows the working mechanism of different types of CRISPR / Cas systems. The CRISPR/Cas system studied by Dr. Doudna belongs to Class I; this is a complex mechanism that requires many different Cas proteins to clear the virus. Interestingly, Type II systems are very simple, they require less protein. At the same time, Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier happened to encounter a Type II system.

Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier is a scientist with a wide range of interests. While working on pathogenic microorganisms, she is also very interested in small RNA molecules involved in gene regulation. In collaboration with researchers in Berlin, Charpentier et al. located small RNAs inside Streptococcus pyogenes. There is a large number of small RNA molecules that have not been reported before in this bacteria, and its genetic code is very close to the CRISPR sequence in the genome. By carefully analyzing their genetic code, Charpentier discovered that part of this new type of small RNA molecule partially matched the repetitive sequence in the CRISPR gene. Although Charpentier had never been exposed to the CRISPR system before. But her research team used a series of thorough microbiological tests to locate the CRISPR system in Streptococcus pyogenes. According to existing research, this system is known to belong to the class II CRISPR/Cas9 system, that is, only one Cas protein-Cas9 is needed to achieve the purpose of targeted lysis of viral DNA. Charpentier’s research also showed that an unknown RNA molecule (called trans-activated crisp RNA (tracrRNA)) is of decisive importance for the realization of CRISPR’s function. It can help the long RNA molecules produced by the transcription of CRISPR sequences in the genome to be processed into mature, active forms.

Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier is a scientist with a wide range of interests. While working on pathogenic microorganisms, she is also very interested in small RNA molecules involved in gene regulation. In collaboration with researchers in Berlin, Charpentier et al. located small RNAs inside Streptococcus pyogenes. There is a large number of small RNA molecules that have not been reported before in this bacteria, and its genetic code is very close to the CRISPR sequence in the genome. By carefully analyzing their genetic code, Charpentier discovered that part of this new type of small RNA molecule partially matched the repetitive sequence in the CRISPR gene. Although Charpentier had never been exposed to the CRISPR system before. But her research team used a series of thorough microbiological tests to locate the CRISPR system in Streptococcus pyogenes. According to existing research, this system is known to belong to the class II CRISPR/Cas9 system, that is, only one Cas protein-Cas9 is needed to achieve the purpose of targeted lysis of viral DNA. Charpentier’s research also showed that an unknown RNA molecule (called trans-activated crisp RNA (tracrRNA)) is of decisive importance for the realization of CRISPR’s function. It can help the long RNA molecules produced by the transcription of CRISPR sequences in the genome to be processed into mature, active forms.

After in-depth and targeted experiments, Dr. Charpentier published his findings on tracrRNA in March 2011. Although she has many years of experience in microbiology, she hopes to cooperate with more professional scientists in continuing to study the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Dr. Jennifer Doudna therefore became a natural choice. When Charpentier was invited to a conference in Puerto Rico, the two scientists had a historic meeting.

Alliance Between Giants
After further communication, they hope to cooperate to complete the follow-up research. They speculate that bacteria need CRISPR-RNA to recognize the DNA sequence of the virus, and Cas9 is the scissors that ultimately cut the DNA molecule. However, when they tested in vitro, they did not get the expected results. After a lot of thinking and failed attempts, the researchers finally tried to add tracrRNA to their system. Previously, they believed that tracrRNA was only needed to cut CRISPR-RNA into its active form. When Cas9 obtained tracrRNA, the result everyone was waiting for finally appeared: the DNA molecule was cut into two parts. After that, the researchers simplified the “genetic scissors”. Using their new discoveries of tracr-RNA and CRISPR-RNA, they successfully fused the two into one molecule and named it “Guide RNA”. Using a simplified version of this genetic scissors, they successfully achieved the goal of cutting DNA at any position.

Upheaval in Life Sciences
Shortly after Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna discovered the CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors in 2012, several other research groups demonstrated that the tool can be used to modify the genomes of mouse and human cells, leading to their explosive development. Using CRISPR gene editing tools, researchers can in principle cut any genome they want. After that, it is easy to use the cell’s natural system to repair DNA, thereby realizing the “redefinition” of genes. Through the new discoveries of Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, life science has successfully entered a new era.

The post 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to CRISPR-CAS9 Gene Editing Technology first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

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There are promotions, new products, technical brochures, special offers and resources in this section. If you are lucky, you may get coupons in the promotional section. We will regularly launch some new products in the new products section. We have new lab start-up savings program, scholarship program, publication program and review program that deliver savings and academic support across the world. Advance your research with access to the resource section with guides, protocols, signaling pathway articles and other hot topics for every research area, with more added every month. Learn more resources you may be interested in. There are many new products and support waiting for you to discover. Learn more.

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“The three western African countries has came over the difficulties of dealing with epidemic in rainy season and the rate of new infection stays low,” the officer said, “ since the middle of July, the growth number of new patients is only a single digit and the virus transmission in Liberia was terminated again after the relapsing of epidemic. Freetown—capital of Sierra Leone has no new infected case in past twenty one days. In addition, Guinea has no report of new case in past seven days since last March.” So ,he believed that the goal of ending Ebola epidemic in 2015 is practical.

Ebola virus, first found in 1976, can cause EVD and may lead to serious symptoms and even death. The average death rate of Ebola Virus Disease is 50% . Although the first outbreaks of Ebola was in villages in middle Africa, the current most serious epidemic breaks out in western Africa. How the Ebola virus spreads out? Fruit bats is regarded as the natural host of Ebola virus. Ebola is transmitted by touching the blood, secretions and other body fluid of infected animal. Later, Ebola virus spreads in human being. It is transmitted through touching the blood, secretions and other body fluid of infected people or through sex. People who are infected with Ebola virus will have a fever, headache and pain of muscle. Then, they will have vomiting, diarrhea , rash, impaired kidney and liver function Symptoms. Some will bleed. How to test Ebola? Antigen-capture detection tests, serum neutralization test, ELISA and RT-PCR are the authoritative diagnostic methods.

It seems that the epidemic has been in control. However, the low growth number of new cases doesn’t mean risks become smaller.In the third stage of the epidemic response, the point is to stock the current transmission chains and find and control the unknown transmission chains. Moreover, more than a half countries where Ebola epidemic has broke out will have outbreaks again in next two years. So western countries must collaborate with international companies to do the long-term surveillance.

The post Ebola Epidemic May End in This Year first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

Cell

Introduction

Cell, created in 1974, specialize in biology and it is an English journal. As a scientific journal of peer review, Cell mainly publishes newest research results in life science. It is also regarded as one of the most authoritative academic magazines in the world for numerous research developments of life science has been published by Cell. In addition, Cell has same reputation as Nature and Science.
Cell is published by Cell Press of Elsevier and Cell Press has published a series of magazines of cell since the end of 20th century. For example, Molecular Cell are created in 1997 and specialize in cytobiology and molecular biology. Then Developmental Cell,Cancer Cell,Cell Metabolism,Cell Host & Microbe and Cell Stem Cell was successively published after 2000.

SCI

It is known that IF(Impact Factor) is an important tool to evaluate a scientific magazine. As an authoritative magazine, Cell also have high IF. In past 4 years, the IFs of Cell were all above 30. In 2010, the IF(32.401) of Cell was higher than Science’s(31.364). So Cell is also the one of the dream places where scientists want to submit an article.

Science

Introduction

Science, published by AAAS(American Association for the Advancement of Science), is one of the most authoritative magazines of academy. This magazine aims to publish the original scientific studies and reviews of scientific researches. In addition, Science also release the news about science, opinions of policy of science and technology and some issues that scientists are interested in. Unlike other scientific magazines, Cell does not focus on one specific area. It is same as Nature. Thus content of Science and Nature almost cover all scientific subjects.

SCI

According to the statistics, The IF of Science is also high. In past 4 years, the IF stayed above 30. In 2014, the IF of Science(33.611) was higher than Cell’s(32.242). It is anticipated that the IF of Science in 2015 will beyond 35.
Although Science is the AAAS’ journal, it doesn’t mean that submission requires AAAS’ memberships. Competition of submission is fairly fierce because every scientists knows the benefits of successful submission in such high citation magazine.

The post World Top Magazines of Biology—-Cell and Science first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

Nature

Introduction

Nature, created in 1869 in United Kingdom, is one of the most authoritative and prestigious academic magazines. It publishes the papers of first-hand research of various scientific areas even though many magazines of science specialize in one specific area now. Every year, the most important and newest research results will be published as short essays in Nature. Its primary readers are scientists who are engaged in scientific research, but the front section of this magazine also provide ordinary people with outlines to strengthen their understanding of some vital articles. Editorials, news and reports in beginning part are scientists’ focused issues, including research development, the situation of the sponsorship and scientific morality.
Obviously, It is a great honor of a scientist to have a successful submission in Nature for its articles  are always quoted by others. Once having a successful submission, one can not only get promotion and sponsorship, he also can get a wide range of attention and supports from mainstream medias.

SCI

SCI, Science Citation Index, is one of the most famous systems of science paper retrieval and is regarded as the main tool of making scientific statistics and scientific evaluation. It apply to agriculture, biology, chemistry and so on. The evaluation standard is IF(Impact Factor). The IF can reflect the influence and status of a magazine.
There are some statistics showing the authority of Nature. The IF of some ordinary magazine and even some good magazines in Asia is under 5. However, in the past 10 years, the lowest IF of Nature is 26.681 in 2006 and the highest IF is 42.351 in 2013. Moreover, the IF of Nature stay above 30 in past 7 years.
The statistics show the apparent difference. Maybe that is the reason why many scientists try their best to have a submission even though rate of successful submission is very low.

The post World Top Magazines of Biology ——–Nature first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.

Creative Diagnostics today announced the launch of the its redesigned website available for customer worldwide. The redesigned website provides customers with a simplified and more user-friendly experience.

“This redesign demonstrates our ongoing commitment to improving the quality of service we provide,” said Creative Diagnostics’s Marketing Director, Archer Anderson. “ Throughout the past year, we have evaluated traffic on the website and listened to valuable feedback from users. We have been prepared for the redesign of our website for about one year, and today’s launch is the result of the contribution of our user and the hardworking of our IT department. We are confident the public will find an improved online experience.”

The redesigned website incorporates current best practices while introducing a new content management system that will improve functionality and allow for continued enhancements. Some of the improvements to the new website include better navigation menus, a more prominent search bar that helps customers accurately locate the products or services they are looking for, and a more online chat section to offer timely response to customers .

The home page also displays a more prominent rotating banner that highlights timely information, introduces alerts that provide important news and promotion update at-a-glance. There are also some small adjustments, such as change of character style, background color.

Creative Diagnostics first redesigned its website in September 2009, and this time is its fourth update of website.

The post Creative Diagnostics Announces the Launch of Its Redesigned Website first appeared on Creative Diagnostics.